It’s over.

The longest government shutdown in history — and one that disproportionately impacted Black Americans — formally ended Wednesday after a handful of Democratic senators broke ranks with the party to advance a deal. The Senate passed the measure on Monday, and the House followed on Wednesday; President Donald Trump signed the funding bill late Wednesday.

The agreement reverses the White House’s layoff of federal workers and protects them from additional layoffs through January. It also fully funds Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits through 2026. In addition, federal workers who had been furloughed will receive back pay.

Crucially, the bill fails to address what Democrats have said was their number one issue:  extending health care credits. The measure punts the issue to a mid-December vote.

This was the first federal shutdown in more than six years. The last one occurred in 2019 during Trump’s first term.

Black Americans are overrepresented among federal workers and were particularly burdened by furloughs and diminished services. Black Americans make up 13% of the total U.S. population, but nearly 20% of the federal workforce. During the shutdown, thousands turned to food banks for assistance.

Here’s what you need to know about the shutdown that lasted 43 days.

Which services were impacted?

Essential employees — think law enforcement officers and air traffic controllers — remained on the job. Most federal workers, however, were furloughed until the impasse ended. And federal employees were not paid during the shutdown. This situation strained the finances of people who live paycheck to paycheck.

An estimate from the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office said that as many as 750,000 workers a day had been furloughed.

Notably, senior citizens continued to receive their Social Security payments, since the program is considered mandatory spending and isn’t funded via short-term appropriations bills, as economists told CNN in 2023.

Medicare benefits also were not disrupted. The U.S. Postal Service is self-funded and continued without interruption. National parks remained partially open.

Core safety net programs — including SNAP and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) — continued “subject to the availability of funding,” according to a contingency plan released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

There was much back-and-forth over SNAP, with administration officials insisting that they would not pay these benefits during the shutdown. Then the government pledged to pay partial benefits and federal courts ordered the White House to fully fund the program. A U.S. Supreme Court order allowed the administration to pause sending payments until the cases were heard on appeal. In the meantime, many families have gone without these benefits.

When does a shutdown happen?

Before a fiscal year begins, Congress is required to pass a bill to fund ongoing federal government programs and operations. That process, however, often crumbles. When it does, Congress passes a shorter-term bill — or a “continuing resolution” — to keep the government funded. Congress was negotiating a bill to keep the government funded and open beyond Sept. 30, the end of the current fiscal year.

A shutdown occurred because those negotiations failed.

Why were the parties in disagreement?

Democrats had been steadfast about their demands regarding health care policy changes. Their initial plan would have extended funding through Oct. 31. It also included $1 trillion for Medicaid that would have come from reversing Republican cuts that were made to pay for tax reductions this year. Democrats had also wanted to boost access to health care under the Affordable Care Act by extending certain subsidies for enrollees.

Meanwhile, Republicans weren’t moved by Democrats’ health care demands. Republicans wanted an extension through Nov. 21 of the current bill — what’s known as “clean” funding because it focuses on paying for the government without any policy proposals attached — so that they would have more time to negotiate full-year appropriations legislation.

How do shutdowns impact Black federal workers? 

Black workers are disproportionately impacted by shutdowns because they make up a large portion of the federal workforce.

In the short term, the effects of a shutdown on government services might not be noticeable to the wider public, explained Michael Neal, a senior fellow in the Housing Finance Policy Center at the Urban Institute, earlier this year. But if the government closes for several weeks or more, Americans might really start to see the impact.

When the government shutters, Black federal employees struggle more than their white peers to replace their missing income.

“In my experience, there are far fewer African Americans in the higher grades,” Cheryl Monroe, who launched her federal employment career at the Internal Revenue Service in 1987, told The Associated Press in 2019.

“White people have the more lucrative jobs in the government,” she added. “They are able to save, able to put money away for six months or a year’s worth of salary. It’s harder for Black people. We’re always starting at the bottom.”

Not only are Black workers hit the hardest, but they also don’t have “as much savings, on average, to replace their lost income,” Neal said, referring to the fact that Black households have less emergency savings than their white counterparts.

On average, white households have $8,100 in liquid assets, while Black households have $1,500, according to 2019 data. Further, fewer Black households say that they can get money from family or friends during a crisis.

Why are Black Americans overrepresented among federal workers?

Since Franklin D. Roosevelt, nearly every president has issued executive orders or enacted laws that have together expanded federal worker and contractor protections against discrimination and created affirmative action programs to boost diversity in the federal workforce and confront the country’s legacy of anti-Black racism.

Because of these efforts, Black Americans have seen “public service employment [open] up economic opportunities for good, well-paid jobs,” wrote Farah Z. Ahmad, a former senior policy analyst at the liberal think tank Center for American Progress, in a 2013 report. “The competitive pay scales of government employment have lifted generations of Black people into the middle class.”

Have shutdowns happened before?

The federal government has shut down 22 times over the course of the past half a century, and according to a USA Today review, the threat of them has become more regular over the past decade.

This greater frequency stems in part from the fact that lawmakers — especially Republican lawmakers — have embraced shutdowns as a tool for political obstruction and campaigning, as Vox’s Li Zhou explained in 2021.

Before 2013, she said, a shutdown hadn’t occurred in more than 10 years. But following the rise of the Tea Party movement during former President Barack Obama’s first term, Republican legislators used the tactic to rail against the Affordable Care Act.

“In the process, GOP lawmakers successfully made their opposition to the law clear, though they eventually caved and funding for the ACA passed. That opposition became an important part of the party’s midterm messaging in 2014, however, a year in which they successfully regained control of the Senate and kept the House,” she wrote.

Neal told Capital B that he wonders how ballooning unpredictability might affect Black workers, who’ve long seen federal employment as something of a haven from the hiring discrimination that can plague the private sector.

It used to be that a federal government job was a safe job, he explained. People gave up the really high levels of income that they could get in the private sector in exchange for the stability and better quality of life that federal employment offered.

“But if you’re starting to see greater volatility — one moment you’re working, the next you’re furloughed and not sure when your next paycheck is coming — that might make people pause,” Neal said. “They might ask if a federal government job is actually going to give them the lifestyle they’re looking for.”

This story has been updated.